PCOS Symptoms

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) affects an estimated 1 in 10 women in the UK, making it one of the most common hormone-related conditions in women of reproductive age. Worldwide, it is thought to affect more than 100 million women.

The name “PCOS” can be misleading, as not everyone with PCOS has cysts on their ovaries. In fact, around 20% of women without PCOS have cysts, while about 30% of women with PCOS do not.

So, what is it?
PCOS is often described as a complex endocrine condition involving hormonal and inflammatory factors that may disrupt the development of ovarian follicles. This can affect ovulation and menstrual cycles, and may be linked with changes in weight, skin health, fertility, and mood.

Research also suggests that women with PCOS may have a higher risk of developing metabolic complications, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, altered cholesterol, and cardiovascular risk factors.

Some of the more common symptoms of PCOS include:

Irregular or absent periods
PCOS can disrupt ovulation, sometimes leading to irregular, infrequent, or absent periods. Hormonal changes, particularly higher androgen levels, may contribute to this.

Heavy or painful periods
When ovulation is irregular or absent, the endometrial lining may build up over time. This can result in heavier bleeding when periods do occur. Hormonal imbalances, such as altered oestrogen and androgen levels, may also contribute.

“Cysts” on the ovaries
In PCOS, hormone signalling that supports egg release (ovulation) can be disrupted. Follicles may remain underdeveloped, which can appear as “cysts” on an ultrasound. These are not true cysts but immature follicles.

Acne or oily skin
Higher androgen levels can increase sebum (oil) production in the skin, sometimes leading to clogged pores and acne. PCOS-related acne often appears on androgen-sensitive areas such as the jawline, chest, or back.

Hirsutism (unwanted hair growth)
Androgens can stimulate hair follicles, leading to thicker, darker hair in areas such as the face, chest, or abdomen.

Hair thinning or loss
Some women with PCOS experience hair loss from the scalp, often in a pattern similar to male hair loss. This is linked to follicle sensitivity to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a potent form of testosterone.

Weight changes
Insulin resistance, common in PCOS, can make it harder for cells to respond to insulin effectively. This may lead to higher circulating insulin levels, which can increase appetite, promote fat storage, and make weight loss more difficult.

Mood changes
Low mood, anxiety, and irritability are commonly reported in PCOS. Hormonal influences, inflammation, and insulin resistance may all play a role, alongside the psychological impact of other symptoms such as acne, hirsutism, or fertility challenges.

Long-term health risks
Research indicates that women with PCOS may have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular concerns, and stroke. This is thought to be linked to factors such as insulin resistance, inflammation, and weight.

The positive news

While PCOS can feel overwhelming, research suggests that nutrition and lifestyle approaches may support symptom management and overall wellbeing.

If you’d like to explore how nutrition and lifestyle changes could support you, you’re welcome to book a free call.

Please note: we do not diagnose or treat PCOS. Nutrition and lifestyle support can complement medical care, but diagnosis and treatment should always be discussed with your GP.